The "Cattle Kate" Hangings

by Jean Henry Mead

When I read Mark Danielson's article about the "Misinformation Highway," I was reminded of the "Cattle Kate" hangings and well-placed lies that ruined a couple's reputation for more than a century. Many conflicting reports have been published since James and Ella Watson Averell were hanged on July 20, 1889, by prominent Wyoming cattlemen. Although most people agree the hangings were deplorable, rumors still persist that the Averells were guilty of illicit activities.

James, “Jimmy” Averell, a slightly-built, well-educated Canadian emigrant, served as justice of the peace in his home district of Rawlins, Wyoming. He later relocated to the Sweetwater Valley where he ran a general store, post office, and saloon which catered to cowboys, settlers, and Oregon Trail travelers. Averell was “well and favorably thought of in Rawlins,” according to a Laramie Boomerang news article published two weeks after the hangings.

James and Ella had filed on adjoining homestead claims that had previously been grazed by Albert Bothwell, one of the men who later hanged the couple. The Bothwell Brothers owned large herds of cattle and were also promoting a town bearing their name in Sweetwater Valley, where they reportedly planned to locate not only the county seat but the state capital as well. Although they hired a promoter to sell lots in the non-existent town, they just weren’t selling to out-of-state buyers.

To complicate matters, James Averell had the annoying habit of writing letters to the editor of the Casper Daily Mail, accusing three prominent cattlemen of attempting to illegally take over large tracts of land bordering the Sweetwater River. The letter Averell wrote on February 8, 1889, undoubtedly signed the couple’s death warrants.

Much has been written about how Ella Watson was dragged from her small cabin and forced into a buggy, later accompanied by her husband. They were then herded by at least six cattlemen to a remote spot where they were hanged from a scrub pine tree in Spring Creek Canyon, several miles from home. A witness claimed that he tried to stop the hangings and watched helplessly as the Averells were pushed from a rock and strangled, their feet only inches from the ground.

Those responsible claimed that the Averells were rustlers and that Ella accepted calves in exchange for her “favors.” She has since been referred to as “Cattle Kate.” Witnesses to the couple’s abduction and hangings mysteriously vanished or died under questionable circumstances.

The cattlemen were brought to trail and acquitted because no witnesses could be found to testify. Following the trail, A. J. Bothwell bought the combined 320 acres the Averells had homesteaded, although there was considerable condemnation in newspapers across the country for “the barbaric hanging of a woman in Wyoming.”

I was angered when I first read an account of the hangings, so I did some extensive research, intending to write a book about the tragedy. One day, while in a store in Casper, I met a nephew of Ella Watson, who swore that his great-aunt had been a fallen woman who accepted cattle for her services. A heated argument ensued, but the nephew stubbornly clung to the legend of "Cattle Kate."

How long does it take for rumors and untruths to die? And should we believe anything we hear or read from questionable, unconfirmed sources?

Worldwide Wind Power

by Jean Henry Mead

Man has harnessed the power of wind for thousands of years to propel sailing ships as well as windmills to pump water and grind grain. Wind power has been rediscovered and giant windmills or turbines are gradually taking the place of more conventional sources of energy.

Wind power converts energy into electricity with the use of turbines, and although windmills only accounted for one percent of our electrical needs at the beginning of the year, worldwide capacity of wind-powered generators was 94.1 gigawatts of power. Wind power generated nearly 20% of electricity production in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal and 6% in Germany and Israel.

Wind farms are spreading rapidly in California, Wyoming, and other states with traditionally windy areas. In the process they’re causing real concerns for environmentalists who are worried about the disruption of wildlife breeding grounds. Most of the commercial grade wind, according to Erik Molvar, a wildlife biologist, is in southeast Wyoming. Wyoming residents, however, won’t benefit from the wind turbines because the electricity is being used by out-of-state consumers, although Wyoming electricity rates have jumped 7% to help pay for the turbines.

Another problem is that Wyoming‘s economy is heavily dependent on its coal mines and petroleum. Now that the price of oil has reached record lows for the year, hundreds of drilling rigs have shut down and coal mines have cut back on production, resulting in massive unemployment.

Two huge wind farms are proposed to be built on private land with a total of a thousand turbines south of the 1-80 corridor by the Power Company of Wyoming, LLC, an affiliate of the Denver-based Anschultz Corporation. Built on cattle grazing land, biologists are concerned that the wind farm will further endanger sage grouse breeding grounds. The birds are already on the verge of extinction.

Farmers and ranchers are in favor of the wind farms because it’s becoming increasingly difficult to earn a living solely on agriculture. So wind farms on private land are becoming a reality. “Having wind energy development that is sensitive to the needs of wildlife is in everyone’s best interests,” Molvar said. But wind farms on remote private land are difficult to regulate.

The first crudely-built windmill was erected in the first century AD and used to power an organ. Six centuries later, a commercial windmill was built in Afghanistan. The vertical axel windmills were made of six to twelve sails covered in reed matting or cloth. They were used to draw water and grind corn as well as aid in grist milling and sugarcane production. Horizontal axel windmills were used extensively in northern Europe for the grinding of flour from the year 1180, and some still exist in Holland.

It looks as though windmills are here to stay.